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The achievements, personality, and personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ( a posteriori – November 10, 1938) born to Ali Rıza Efendi and Zübeyde Hanım have been the subject of numerous studies. According to the Turkish historian Kemal H. Karpat, Atatürk's recent bibliography included 7,010 different sources.〔Karpat, "The Personality of Ataturk", pp. 893–99.〕 Atatürk's personal life has its controversies, ranging from where he was born to his correct full name. The details of his marriage have always been a subject of debate. His religious beliefs were discussed in Turkish political life as recently as the Republic Protests during the Turkish presidential election, 2007. Mustafa Kemal's personality has been an important subject both for scholars and the general public.〔 Much of substantial personal information about him comes from memoirs by his associates, who were at times his rivals, and friends. Some credible information originates from Ali Fuat Cebesoy, Kâzım Karabekir, Halide Edip Adıvar, Kılıç Ali, Falih Rıfkı Atay, Afet İnan, there is also secondary analysis by The 3rd Baron Kinross, Sevket Sureyya Aydemir and, most recently, Vamik D. Valkan and Norman Itzkowitz. ==Name== In Turkish tradition, names have additional honorary or memorial values besides their grammatical identification function. It is possible to translate a name from Turkish to other languages, but care should be given as names' form varies from one language to another. Atatürk had Mustafa (Mustapha) as his name at birth. Mustafa ((アラビア語:مصطفى) – ''Muṣṭafā'', "the chosen one"), an epithet of Islam's prophet Muhammad, was a common name at that time. Young Mustafa studied at the military junior high school in Salonica (Salonica Military School), where his mathematics teacher Captain Üsküplü Mustafa Sabri Bey gave him the additional name Kemal ("perfection") because of his academic excellence.〔Carl Cavanagh Hodge, Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914, p. 393; ISBN 978-0-313-33404-7〕 Therefore, he became known as "Mustafa Kemal". On November 27, 1911, Mustafa Kemal was promoted to the rank of Binbaşı (command of a thousand soldier). In Ottoman military ranks, Bey was a common title given to all levels above Binbaşı. Therefore, Mustafa Kemal Efendi became called as "Mustafa Kemal Bey". On April 1, 1916, Mustafa Kemal was promoted to the rank of Mirliva (brigade commander). In Ottoman military ranks, Pasha was a common title given to all levels above Mirliva. Therefore, he became known as "Mustafa Kemal Pasha" ((トルコ語:Paşa)). Disgusted by the capitulations and concessions made by the Sultan to the Allies, and by the occupation of Istanbul by the British, Kemal Pasha resigned from his post on July 8, 1919. He escaped from Istanbul by sea, through British Royal Navy patrols, and landed on an Anatolian port city named Samsun to organize the resistance to occupation of Anatolia by the Allied Powers. After his resignation, the Sublime Porte (the Ottoman imperial government) issued a warrant and later condemned him to death in absentia. On September 19, 1921, the Turkish Grand National Assembly (GNAT) presented him with the title Gazi (combat veteran and/or wounded veteran, with the religious connotation of defeating non-Islamic forces) with the rank of Marshal for his achievements during the War of Independence, hence "Gazi Mustafa Kemal". On June 21, 1934, the GNAT recognized the need for registration, and use of fixed hereditary surnames. The Surname Law was proposed and later put into force. On November 24, 1934 the GNAT with a special law bestowed on "Mustafa Kemal" the surname "Atatürk".〔Turkish Justice Department website, Article Ataturk〕〔(Profile ), smithsonianmag.com; accessed March 28, 2015.〕 The GNAT consecutively established the "Atatürk" as a unique surname. The surname Atatürk may be used only by "Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk". The surname ''Atatürk'' can be divided into two parts: ''Ata'' and ''Türk''. ''Ata'' means "father" or "ancestor", while ''Türk'' means "Turk" or "Turkish people." Thus, "Atatürk" is best translated as "Father of Turkish People". The current common use in Turkey as well as abroad is to refer to him by his last name ''Atatürk''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's personal life」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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